Mdrive™ WorkForce is a dietary supplement that helps men maintain all-day energy, and support healthy normal testosterone levels and sexual health. It also includes ashwagandha, called an adaptogen, an herbal extract that helps normalize body imbalances.

Level 2 – Claims

1. Energy, sex drive, and stamina
2. Healthy testosterone support
3. Immune support
4. Reduces stress
5. Maintains healthy cortisol levels

MDrive™ WorkForce Product

Research Transparency™ (Reference List)

1. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?cs=&s=ND&pt=9&Product=Ashwagandha&btnSearch.x=7&btnSearch.y=10, last updated on 10/31/2017.
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5. Minne HW, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces falls in elderly women via improvement of body sway and normalization of blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, and double-blind study. Abstracts World Congress on Osteoporosis 2000.
6. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:257-64. View abstract.
7. Meyer H, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, et al. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:709-15. View abstract.
8. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285:785-95. View abstract.
9. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Universal Recommendations for All Patients. Available at: http://www.nof.org/physguide/univeral_recommendations.htm#adequate. (Accessed 14 May 2005).
10. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community-dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:370-8. View abstract.
11. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005;293:2257-64. View abstract
12. Boonen S, Body JJ, Boutsen Y, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:239-54. View abstract.
13. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev 2002;23:560-9. View abstract.
14. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, et al. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:713-6. View abstract.
15. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006;354:669-83. View abstract.
16. Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, et al. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1415-23. View abstract.
17. New 2010 Vitamin D Recommendations. Osteoporosis Canada, July 2010. Available at: http://www.osteoporosis.ca/index.php/ci_id/5536/la_id/1.htm.
18. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063507/html/index.html.
19. Diamond TH, Ho KW, Rohl PG, Meerkin M. Annual intramuscular injection of a megadose of cholecalciferol for treatment of vitamin D deficiency: efficacy and safety data. Med J Aust 2005;183:10-2. View abstract.
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23. Kenny AM, Biskup B, Robbins B, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1762-7. View abstract.
24. Stockton, K. A., Mengersen, K., Paratz, J. D., Kandiah, D., and Bennell, K. L. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos.Int 2011;22(3):859-871. View abstract.
25. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, Gillain S, Cavalier E, Slomian J, Petermans J, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4336-45. View abstract.
26. Pfeifer, M., Begerow, B., Minne, H. W., Suppan, K., Fahrleitner-Pammer, A., and Dobnig, H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporos.Int 2009;20(2):315-322. View abstract.
27. Zhu, K., Austin, N., Devine, A., Bruce, D., and Prince, R. L. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D on muscle strength and mobility in older women with vitamin D insufficiency. J Am Geriatr.Soc. 2010;58(11):2063-2068. View abstract.
28. Dhesi, J. K., Jackson, S. H., Bearne, L. M., Moniz, C., Hurley, M. V., Swift, C. G., and Allain, T. J. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age Ageing 2004;33(6):589-595. View abstract.
29. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063507/html/index.html.
30. Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:362-71.. View abstract.
31. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. Proc Nutr Sci 1997;56:915-37. View abstract
32. Need AG, Horowitz M, Morris HA, Nordin BEC. Vitamin D status: effects on parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1577-81. View abstract
33. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW. Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:187-94. . View abstract
34. Prabhala A, Garg R, Dandona P. Severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency in western New York. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:1199–203. . View abstract.
35. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:1113-8.. View abstract.
36. Dhesi JK, Bearne LM, Moniz C, et al. Neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly subjects who fall and the relationship with vitamin D status. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:891-7 . View abstract.
37. Baker K, Zhang YQ, Goggins J, et al. Hypovitaminosis D and its association with muscle strength, pain, and physical function in knee osteoarthritis (OA). American College of Rheumatology Meeting; San Antonio, Texas, October 16-21, 2004. Abstract 1755.
38. Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, et al. Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:72-7. View abstract.
39. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Institute of Medicine, November 30, 2010. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/Vitamin%20D%20and%20Calcium%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdf. 

40. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
41. Paltiel O, Falutz J, Veilleux M, et al. Clinical correlates of subnormal vitamin B12 levels in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Hematol 1995;49:318-22. View abstract.
42. Carlsen SM, Folling I, Grill V, et al. Metformin increases total homocysteine levels in non-diabetic male patients with coronary heart disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997;57:521-7. View abstract.
43. Kanai T, Takagi T, Masuhiro K, et al. Serum vitamin K level and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;56:25-30. View abstract.
44. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival-4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11:485-91. View abstract.
45. Yamadera W, Sasaki M, Itoh H, et al. Clinical features of circadian rhythm sleep disorders in outpatients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:311-6. View abstract.
46. Okawa M, Uchiyama M, Ozaki S, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in adolescents: clinical trials of combined treatments based on chronobiology. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:483-90. View abstract.
47. Okawa M, Takahashi K, Egashira K, et al. Vitamin B12 treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome: a multi-center double-blind study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;51:275-9. View abstract.
48. Yamadera H, Takahashi K, Okawa M. A multicenter study of sleep-wake rhythm disorders: therapeutic effects of vitamin B12, bright light therapy, chronotherapy and hypnotics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;50:203-9. View abstract.
49. Ohta T, Ando K, Iwata T, et al. Treatment of persistent sleep-wake schedule disorders in adolescents with methylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Sleep 1991;14:414-8. View abstract.
50. Mayer G, Kroger M, Meier-Ewert K. Effects of vitamin B12 on performance and circadian rhythm in normal subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;15:456-64. View abstract.
51. Houston DK, Johnson MA, Nozza RJ, et al. Age-related hearing loss, vitamin B-12, and folate in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:564-71. View abstract.
52. Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, et al. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998;92:1191-1198. View abstract.
53. Andres E, Kurtz JE, Perrin AE, et al. Oral cobalamin therapy for the treatment of patients with food-cobalamin malabsorption. Am J Med 2001;111:126-9. View abstract.
54. Lederle FA. Oral cobalamin for pernicious anemia. Medicine’s best-kept secret? JAMA 1991;265:94-5. View abstract.
55. Elia M. Oral or parenteral therapy for B12 deficiency. Lancet 1998;352:1721-2. View abstract.
56. Andres E, Goichot B, Schlienger JL. Food-cobalamin malabsorption: a usual cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2061-2. View abstract.
57. Verhaeverbeke I, Mets T, Mulkens K, Vandewoude M. Normalization of low vitamin B12 serum levels in older people by oral treatment. J Am Geriatr S
58. Allen LH, Casterline J. Vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly individuals: diagnosis and requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:12-14. View abstract.
59. Hathcock JN, Troendle GJ. Oral cobalamin for treatment of pernicious anemia? JAMA 1991;265:96-97. View abstract.
60. Line DH, Seitanidis B, Morgan JO, Hoffbrand AV. The effects of chemotherapy on iron, folate, and vitamin B12 metabolism in tuberculosis. Q J Med 1971;40:331-40. View abstract.
61. Rajan, S., Wallace, J. I., Brodkin, K. I., Beresford, S. A., Allen, R. H., and Stabler, S. P. Response of elevated methylmalonic acid to three dose levels of oral cobalamin in older adults. J Am Geriatr.Soc 2002;50(11):1789-1795. View abstract.
62. Kaltenbach, G., Noblet-Dick, M., Andres, E., Barnier-Figue, G., Noel, E., Vogel, T., Perrin, A. E., Martin-Hunyadi, C., Berthel, M., and Kuntzmann, F. [Early response to oral cobalamin therapy in older patients with vitamin B12 deficiency]. Ann.Med.Interne (Paris) 2003;154(2):91-95. View abstract.
63. Bolaman, Z., Kadikoylu, G., Yukselen, V., Yavasoglu, I., Barutca, S., and Senturk, T. Oral versus intramuscular cobalamin treatment in megaloblastic anemia: a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Clin Ther 2003;25(12):3124-3134. View abstract.
64. Kaltenbach, G., Noblet-Dick, M., Andres, E., Barnier-Figue, G., Noel, E., and Vogel, T. Reponse precoce au traitement oral par vitamine B12 chez des sujets ages hypovitaminiques. Annales de Medecine Interne (Paris) 2003;154:91-95.
65. , Kaltenbach, G., Noblet-Dick, M., Noel, E., Vinzio, S., Perrin, A. E., Berthel, M., and Blickle, J. F. Hematological response to short-term oral cyanocobalamin therapy for the treatment of cobalamin deficiencies in elderly patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2006;10(1):3-6. View abstract.
66. Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Clarke R, et al. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: A dose-finding trial. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1167-72. View abstract.
67. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2764-72. View abstract.
68. van der Zwaluw NL, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, van Wijngaarden JP, et al. Results of a 2-year vitamin B treatment on cognitive performance: secondary data from an RCT. Neurology 2014;83(23):2158-66. View abstract.
69. Kwok T, Tang C, Woo J, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of older people with subnormal cobalamin levels. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;13:611-6.
70. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
71. Stehouwer CD. Clinical relevance of hyperhomocysteinaemia in atherothrombotic disease. Drugs and Aging 2000;16:251-60.. View abstract.
72. Yamadera W, Sasaki M, Itoh H, et al. Clinical features of circadian rhythm sleep disorders in outpatients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:311-6. View abstract.
73. Okawa M, Uchiyama M, Ozaki S, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in adolescents: clinical trials of combined treatments based on chronobiology. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:483-90. View abstract.
74. Okawa M, Takahashi K, Egashira K, et al. Vitamin B12 treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome: a multi-center double-blind study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;51:275-9. View abstract.
75. Yamadera H, Takahashi K, Okawa M. A multicenter study of sleep-wake rhythm disorders: therapeutic effects of vitamin B12, bright light therapy, chronotherapy and hypnotics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;50:203-9. View abstract.
76. Ohta T, Ando K, Iwata T, et al. Treatment of persistent sleep-wake schedule disorders in adolescents with methylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Sleep 1991;14:414-8. View abstract.
77. Hathcock JN, Troendle GJ. Oral cobalamin for treatment of pernicious anemia? JAMA 1991;265:96-97. View abstract.
78. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065542/html/.
79. Benito-Leon J, Porta-Etessam J. Shaky-leg syndrome and vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med 2000;342:981. View abstract.
80. Booth GL, Wang EE. Preventive health care, 2000 update: screening and management of hyperhomocysteinemia for the prevention of coronary artery disease events. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 2000;163:21-9. View abstract.
81. Tremblay R, Bonnardeaux A, Geadah D, et al. Hyperhomocystinemia in hemodialysis patients: effects of 12-month supplementation with hydrosoluble vitamins. Kidney Int 2000;58:851-8. View abstract.
82. Manns B, Hyndman E, Burgess E, et al. Oral vitamin B(12) and high-dose folic acid in hemodialysis patients with hyper-homocyst(e)inemia. Kidney Int 2001;59:1103-9. View abstract.
83. Beaulieu AJ, Gohh RY, Han H, et al. Enhanced reduction of fasting total homocysteine levels with supraphysiological versus standard multivitamin dose folic acid supplementation in renal transplant recipients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2918-21. View abstract.
84. Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. n-3 PUFA from fish or seal oil reduces atherogenic risk indicators in Danish women. Nutr Res 2000;20:1065-77.
85. Bostom A, Shemin D, Gohh R, et al. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant recipients versus hemodialysis patients. Transplantation 2000;69:2128-31. View abstract
86. Dierkes J, Domrose U, Bosselmann P, et al. Homocysteine lowering effect of different multivitamin preparations in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Renal Nutr 2001;11:67-72. View abstract.
87. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Gohh RY, et al. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 2001;59:s246-s252. View abstract.
88. Seal EC, Metz J, Flicker L, Melny J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:146-51. View abstract.
89. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2764-72. View abstract.
90. Stucker M, Pieck C, Stoerb C, et al. Topical vitamin B12 – a new therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis – evaluation of efficacy and tolerability in a randomized placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial. Br J Dematol 2004;150:977-83. View abstract
91. Uhl, W., Nolting, A., Golor, G., Rost, K. L., and Kovar, A. Safety of hydroxocobalamin in healthy volunteers in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006;44 Suppl 1:17-28. View abstract.
92. Rocco A, Compare D, Coccoli P, et al. Vitamin B12 supplementation improves rates of sustained vital response in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

Mono-L-methionine sulfate (OptiZinc)

132. Chien X. X., Zafra-Stone S., Bagchi M., Bagchi, D. “Bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties of zinc methionine”, BioFactors 27 (2006) pp.231-244
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136. Wong WY, Merkus HM, Thomas CM, et al. Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2002;77:491-8.. View abstract.
137. Netter, A., Hartoma, R., and Nahoul, K. Effect of zinc administration on plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and sperm count. Arch Androl 1981;7(1):69-73. View abstract.
138. Azizollahi G, Azizollahi S, Babaei H, Kianinejad M, Baneshi MR, Nematollahi-mahani SN. Effects of supplement therapy on sperm parameters, protamine content and acrosomal integrity of varicocelectomized subjects. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2013;30(4):593-9. View abstract.
139. Brook AC, Johnston DG, Ward MK, et al. Absence of a therapeutic effect of zinc in the sexual dysfunction of haemodialysed patients Lancet 1980;2:618-20. View abstract.
140. Goldiner WH, Hamilton BP, Hyman PD, Russell RM. Effect of the administration of zinc sulfate on hypogonadism and impotence in patients with chronic stable hepatic cirrhosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1983;2:157-62. View abstract.
141. Khedun SM, Naicker T, Maharaj B. Zinc, hydrochlorothiazide and sexual dysfunction. Cent Afr J Med 1995;41:312-5. View abstract.
142. Mahajan SK, Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, et al. Effect of oral zinc therapy on gonadal function in hemodialysis patients. A double-blind study. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:357-61. View abstract.
143. Rodger RS, Sheldon WL, Watson MJ, et al. Zinc deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia are not reversible causes of sexual dysfunction in uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:888-92. View abstract.
144. Antoniou LD, Shalhoub RJ, Sudhakar T, Smith JC Jr. Reversal of uraemic impotence by zinc. Lancet 1977;2:895-8. View abstract.
145. Paradiso, Galatioto G., Gravina, G. L., Angelozzi, G., Sacchetti, A., Innominato, P. F., Pace, G., Ranieri, G., and Vicentini, C. May antioxidant therapy improve sperm parameters of men with persistent oligospermia after retrograde embolization for varicocele? World J Urol. 2008;26(1):97-102. View abstract.
146. Vecchio, M., Navaneethan, S. D., Johnson, D. W., Lucisano, G., Graziano, G., Querques, M., Saglimbene, V., Ruospo, M., Bonifati, C., Jannini, E. A., and Strippoli, G. F. Treatment options for sexual dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(6):985-995. View abstract.
147. Sprenger, K. B., Schmitz, J., Hetzel, D., Bundschu, D., and Franz, H. E. Zinc and sexual dysfunction. Contrib.Nephrol. 1984;38:119-128. View abstract.
148. Tremellen, K., Miari, G., Froiland, D., and Thompson, J. A randomized control trial examining the effect of an antioxidant (Menevit) on pregnancy outcome during IVF-ICSI treatment. Aust.N.Z.J Obstet.Gynaecol. 2007;47(3):216-221. View abstract.8621.
149. Grahn BH, Paterson PG, Gottschall-Pass KT, Zhang Z. Zinc and the eye. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:106-18. View abstract
150. Freake HC, Govoni KE, Guda K, et al. Actions and interactions of thyroid hormone and zinc status in growing rats. J Nutr 2001;4:1135-41.. View abstract
151. Barceloux DG. Zinc. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37:279-92. View abstract.
152. Lopez de Romana D, Lonnerdal B, Brown KH. Absorption of zinc from wheat products fortified with iron and either zinc sulfate or zinc oxide. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:279-83.. View abstract.
153. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:447S-63S. View abstract.
154. Prasad AS. Zinc and immunity. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;188:63-9. View abstract
155. Siberry GK, Ruff AJ, Black R. Zinc and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Nutr Res 2002;22:527-38.
156. Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, Mullen LK. Effects of dietary zinc depletion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosterone concentrations, and sperm morphology in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:148-57. View abstract.
157. Omu AE, Dashti H, Al-Othman S. Treatment of asthenozoospermia with zinc sulfate: andrological, immunological and obstetric outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;79:179-84. View abstract.
158. Fuse H, Kazama T, Ohta S, Fujiuchi Y. Relationship between zinc concentrations in seminal plasma and various sperm parameters. Int Urol Nephrol 1999;31:401-8. View abstract.
159. Beutler KT, Pankewycz O, Brautigan DL. Equivalent uptake of organic and inorganic zinc by monkey kidney fibroblasts, human intestinal epithelial cells, or perfused mouse intestine. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;61:19-31. View abstract.
160. Jafek BW, Linschoten M, Murrow BW. Zicam Induced Anosmia. American Rhinologic Society 49th Annual Fall Scientific Meeting abstract. Orlando, Florida. September 20, 2003. http://app.american-rhinologic.org/programs/2003ARSFallProgram071503.pdf (Accessed 24 November 2003).
161. Uebayashi H, Hatanaka T, Kanemura F, Tonosaki K. Acute anosmia in the mouse: behavioral discrimination among the four basic taste substances. Physiol Behav 2001;72:291-6.. View abstract.
162. McBride K, Slotnick B, Margolis FL. Does the intranasal application of zinc sulfate produce anosmia in the mouse? An olfactometric and anatomical study. Chem Senses 2003;28:659-70. View abstract.
163. Burd GD. Morphological study of the effects of intranasal zinc sulfate irrigation on the mouse olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Microsc Res Tech 1993;24:195-213. View abstract.
164. Ducray A, Bondier JR, Michel G, et al. Recovery following peripheral destruction of olfactory neurons in young and adult mice. Eur J Neurosci 2002;15:1907-17. View abstract.
165. D, Rosenblatt JS. Peripheral olfactory deafferentation of the primary olfactory system in rats using ZnSO4 nasal spray with special reference to maternal behavior. Physiol Behav 1993;53:587-92. View abstract.
166. DeCook CA, Hirsch AR. Anosmia due to inhalational zinc: a case report (abstract). Chem Senses 2000;25:659.
167. Public Health Advisory. Loss of sense of smell with intranasal cold remedies containing zinc. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, June 16, 2009. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PublicHealthAdvisories/ucm166059.htm (Accessed 16 June 2009).
168. Dooren JC. FDA warns against use of Zicam. The Wall Street Journal, June 16, 2009. Available at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124516778692319231.html#mod=djemHL?mg=com-wsj (Accessed 16 June 2009).
169. Alexander TH, Davidson TM. Intranasal zinc and anosmia: the zinc-induced anosmia syndrome. Laryngoscope 2006;116:217-20. View abstract.
170. Ding Y, Jia YY, Li F, et al. The effect of staggered administration of zinc sulfate on the pharmacokinetics of oral cephalexin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;73(3):422-7. View abstract.
171. Durlach PJ. The effects of a low dose of caffeine on cognitive performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998;140:116-9. View abstract.
172. Hindmarch I, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C. The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacol 1998;139:230-8. View abstract.
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174. Peeling, P. and Dawson, B. Influence of caffeine ingestion on perceived mood states, concentration, and arousal levels during a 75-min university lecture. Adv.Physiol Educ. 2007;31(4):332-335. View abstract.
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